diff --git a/.planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/24-05-SUMMARY.md b/.planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/24-05-SUMMARY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b40dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/24-05-SUMMARY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+---
+phase: 24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud
+plan: 05
+subsystem: aws-route53
+tags: [route53, api-routes, crud, audit-log, dns]
+dependency-graph:
+  requires:
+    - "lib/services/route53-factory.ts (isRoute53Configured / getRoute53Client, plan 24-01)"
+    - "lib/types/route53.ts (plan 24-01)"
+    - "lib/services/route53-record-key.ts (buildRecordKey, plan 24-02)"
+    - "lib/services/route53-sync-service.ts (getRoute53SyncService, plan 24-02)"
+    - "lib/services/route53-record-validation.ts (validateRecordWrite/sanitizeAwsError, plan 24-03)"
+    - "lib/services/route53-write-persistence.ts (audit lifecycle + mirror read/write, plan 24-03)"
+    - "lib/auth-utils.ts (requireAuth/requireAdmin)"
+  provides:
+    - "lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts (buildChangeBatch / isRetryableAwsError / submitRecordChange / pollChangeStatus)"
+    - "app/api/route53/sync/route.ts (POST trigger, GET status)"
+    - "app/api/route53/zones/route.ts (GET list zones)"
+    - "app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/route.ts (GET list, POST create)"
+    - "app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/route.ts (PATCH update, DELETE)"
+    - "app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/history/route.ts (GET history)"
+  affects:
+    - "Plan 24-06/24-07 UI work will consume this API surface"
+tech-stack:
+  added: []
+  patterns:
+    - "hand-rolled bounded GetChange poll (15s/2s) instead of the AWS SDK's 30-minute waitUntil waiter"
+    - "pending -> committed/failed audit lifecycle, audit row created before any AWS command (lifted from itglue_writes/asset-audit precedent)"
+    - "exact-match DELETE built from the Postgres mirror row, never client-supplied values"
+key-files:
+  created:
+    - lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts
+    - lib/services/route53-change-submit.test.ts
+    - app/api/route53/sync/route.ts
+    - app/api/route53/zones/route.ts
+    - app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/route.ts
+    - app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/route.ts
+    - app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/history/route.ts
+  modified:
+    - .planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/deferred-items.md
+decisions:
+  - "Symlinked node_modules from the main repo checkout into this worktree (gitignored, not committed) rather than running npm install — this worktree's package-lock.json is byte-identical to the main repo's post-fast-forward, and the main repo already has @aws-sdk/client-route-53 installed. Avoided a redundant multi-hundred-MB install."
+  - "Rephrased several doc comments (waitUntilResourceRecordSetsChanged, integration_settings, pending_approval) to describe the same behavior without the literal string the plan's acceptance-criteria greps check for zero occurrences of — the comments explain what is NOT done/used, and a literal match would false-positive the grep."
+metrics:
+  duration: "~70 min, 3 tasks, TDD RED/GREEN on Task 1"
+  completed: "2026-08-05"
+---
+
+# Phase 24 Plan 5: Route 53 API Surface — Read Routes, Sync Trigger, and CRUD Write Lifecycle Summary
+
+Built the full `/api/route53/*` surface: a testable change-batch/poll library
+(`route53-change-submit.ts`), four read routes (zones, records, history, sync status),
+and the three CRUD write routes (`POST`/`PATCH`/`DELETE`) that propagate to AWS Route 53
+through the `pending` → `committed`/`failed` audit lifecycle, with `pulse_crud`-tagged
+history rows on success only.
+
+## What Was Built
+
+**Task 1 — `lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts` (TDD RED/GREEN, 20/20 tests):**
+- `buildChangeBatch(action, recordSet)` — constructs the `@aws-sdk/client-route-53`
+  `ChangeBatch` shape. Omits `SetIdentifier` entirely when null/undefined (never emits
+  `undefined`). Throws for `NS`/`SOA` (case-insensitive) as a second, independent D-01
+  gate alongside `validateRecordWrite`.
+- `isRetryableAwsError(err)` — classifies `ThrottlingException` / `Throttling` /
+  `PriorRequestNotComplete` / `ServiceUnavailable` as retryable.
+- `submitRecordChange(input)` — sends `ChangeResourceRecordSetsCommand`; retries up to 2
+  additional times (750ms, 1500ms backoff) on a retryable error, rethrows immediately
+  otherwise. Returns `{ changeId, awsResponse }`.
+- `pollChangeStatus(changeId, opts)` — bounded poll (default 15s timeout / 2s interval)
+  of `GetChangeCommand` until `INSYNC` or the budget elapses (`PENDING`); swallows
+  per-attempt errors and stops calling `send()` once it returns. Does not use the SDK's
+  built-in resource-record-sets-changed waiter (verified by grep: 0 occurrences of that
+  API name anywhere in the file).
+- Test file exercises every behavior with a hand-rolled fake `{ send() }` client — no AWS
+  mocking library, no network.
+
+**Task 2 — Read routes (all `requireAuth()`, none gated on the integration-disable toggle):**
+- `app/api/route53/sync/route.ts` — `POST` (`requireAdmin()`) fire-and-forget
+  full/incremental sync trigger, 503 if unconfigured, 409 if already in progress; `GET`
+  (`requireAuth()`) returns `{ inProgress, counts, history }`.
+- `app/api/route53/zones/route.ts` — `GET` list of mirrored hosted zones.
+- `app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/route.ts` — `GET` list of records in a zone
+  with optional `?type=`/`?search=` parameterized filters.
+- `app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/history/route.ts` — `GET`
+  append-only change ledger for one record (SC-4's queryable-history proof), `?limit=`
+  clamped 1..200.
+- Confirmed `/api/route53` is absent from `middleware.ts`'s public-route list.
+
+**Task 3 — CRUD write routes:**
+- `POST` added to `.../records/route.ts` (create); `PATCH`/`DELETE` added in a new
+  `.../records/[recordId]/route.ts` (update/delete).
+- All three follow the identical sequence: `requireAdmin()` first → `isRoute53Configured()`
+  503 gate → `validateRecordWrite()` (D-01, before any AWS command) → load the mirror row
+  for `beforeValue` (404/409 as appropriate) → `createPendingAuditLog()` before the AWS
+  call (D-07/SC-3) → `submitRecordChange()` + `pollChangeStatus()` →
+  `markAuditCommitted()` → `insertPulseCrudHistory()` (source `pulse_crud`, success path
+  only) → mirror refresh (`upsertMirrorRecord`/`softDeleteMirrorRecord`) → 200/201
+  response with `auditId`, `status`, `propagationStatus`. On any error:
+  `sanitizeAwsError()` → `markAuditFailed()` → 502, no history row written.
+- DELETE builds its `ChangeResourceRecordSetsCommand` recordset from the Postgres mirror
+  row's exact `name`/`type`/`ttl`/`resourceRecords`/`setIdentifier` — never from
+  client-supplied values — because Route 53 requires an exact match to delete
+  (24-RESEARCH.md Pitfall 3). It also re-validates the mirror row's own type through
+  `validateRecordWrite` before deleting, so an NS/SOA record already present in the
+  mirror cannot be deleted through this path either.
+- `recordId`'s decoded `record_key` zone-prefix is checked against the `zoneId` path
+  param; a mismatch returns 400 before any audit row or AWS call (T-24-17).
+- No staged-approval mechanism anywhere (D-03): both mutations execute on the first
+  request; the audit trail is the control, not a pre-write block.
+
+## Deviations from Plan
+
+### Auto-fixed Issues
+
+**1. [Rule 3 - Blocking issue] Worktree had no `node_modules`**
+- Found during: initial setup, before Task 1.
+- Issue: this worktree was created from a stale, unrelated branch and had never had
+  `npm install` run against it — `npx vitest`/`npx tsc` would fail immediately.
+- Fix: after fast-forwarding the worktree branch to `master` (a pure fast-forward, 0
+  unique commits — verified before merging), confirmed `package-lock.json` is
+  byte-identical to the main repo's checkout, then symlinked
+  `node_modules -> /opt/stacks/pulse/node_modules` (the main repo's install, which
+  already has `@aws-sdk/client-route-53`). The symlink is covered by the existing
+  `/node_modules` gitignore entry and was never staged or committed.
+- Files modified: none tracked (symlink only)
+
+**2. [Rule 1 - Bug] Grep-checked acceptance criteria false-positived on doc comments**
+- Found during: Task 1 and Task 3 verification.
+- Issue: the plan's acceptance criteria grep for zero occurrences of
+  `waitUntilResourceRecordSetsChanged`, `integration_settings`, and `pending_approval`
+  (among others) to prove those patterns are absent from the implementation. My initial
+  doc comments explained the design by naming exactly those strings (e.g. "do NOT use
+  the SDK's waitUntilResourceRecordSetsChanged waiter"), which made the grep count 1+
+  instead of 0 even though no actual usage existed.
+- Fix: reworded the three affected comments (in `route53-change-submit.ts` and
+  `app/api/route53/sync/route.ts` and `.../[recordId]/route.ts`) to describe the same
+  behavior without the literal grepped string (e.g. "the SDK's built-in
+  resource-record-sets-changed waiter", "the admin-integrations disable toggle",
+  "staged-approval status column").
+- Files modified: `lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts`,
+  `app/api/route53/sync/route.ts`, `app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/route.ts`
+- Commits: included in the respective task commits (f4e151d, 53ec51c, a7d6a04)
+
+### Out-of-Scope Discovery (logged, not fixed)
+
+Same 2 pre-existing `lib/services/analyzer/itglue-search.test.ts` failures already
+documented by plans 24-01/24-03/24-04 surfaced again in the full `npm test` run
+(554/556 passing). Neither `itglue-search.ts` nor its test file were touched by this
+plan. Logged in `deferred-items.md` under a new "Plan 24-05" heading — not fixed, per
+the scope boundary rule.
+
+### Verification Note (not a deviation)
+
+The plan's acceptance criteria include a live `curl` check
+(`curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' localhost:3100/api/route53/zones` returns 401
+unauthenticated) and manual role-gating checks (`user` role → 403, `admin` → succeeds;
+a live create/update/delete round-trip against a disposable test record). This worktree
+has no `.env`/`DATABASE_URL` and no running Postgres/Redis/Next dev server — consistent
+with plan 24-04's precedent, these live checks were not performed here. All static
+verification was run instead: `npx tsc --noEmit --pretty` (clean), `npx vitest run` on
+every `route53-*.test.ts` file (94/94 passing across 7 files, including the 20 new
+`route53-change-submit.test.ts` assertions), and the full `npm test` suite
+(554/556, 2 pre-existing unrelated failures). The live checks are left to the
+orchestrator/human at merge time per 24-VALIDATION.md's Manual-Only table.
+
+## Self-Check: PASSED
+
+All created/modified files confirmed present:
+- FOUND: lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts
+- FOUND: lib/services/route53-change-submit.test.ts
+- FOUND: app/api/route53/sync/route.ts
+- FOUND: app/api/route53/zones/route.ts
+- FOUND: app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/route.ts
+- FOUND: app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/route.ts
+- FOUND: app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/history/route.ts
+
+All commits confirmed present in `git log`:
+- 9a9e691 test(24-05): add failing test for route53-change-submit
+- f4e151d feat(24-05): implement route53-change-submit (ChangeBatch, retry, bounded poll)
+- 53ec51c feat(24-05): read routes for zones, records, history, and sync status
+- a7d6a04 feat(24-05): CRUD write routes with pending/committed/failed audit lifecycle
+
+## TDD Gate Compliance
+
+Task 1 followed RED → GREEN: `test(24-05)` commit (9a9e691) precedes the `feat(24-05)`
+implementation commit (f4e151d); no REFACTOR commit was needed (implementation matched
+the test contract after one grep-driven comment fix, no behavioral change). Tasks 2 and
+3 are `type="auto"` without `tdd="true"` per the plan, so no RED/GREEN gate applied
+there — verified with `tsc` + full `npm test` + the acceptance-criteria greps instead.
+
+## Threat Flags
+
+None beyond what's already covered by this plan's own `<threat_model>` (T-24-01,
+T-24-02, T-24-03, T-24-04, T-24-17, T-24-18, T-24-19, T-24-20, T-24-05 — all addressed
+as designed, see "What Was Built" above). No new network endpoints, auth paths, or
+schema changes were introduced outside that register.
diff --git a/.planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/deferred-items.md b/.planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/deferred-items.md
index 4c5f52c..ab7c2fb 100644
--- a/.planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/deferred-items.md
+++ b/.planning/phases/24-aws-route-53-dns-sync-track-changes-crud-operations-full-aud/deferred-items.md
@@ -22,3 +22,10 @@ changes).
   `route53-write-persistence.ts`. Neither `itglue-search.ts` nor its test
   file were touched by this plan. Out of scope per the scope boundary rule —
   not fixed.
+
+## Plan 24-05
+
+- Same 2 pre-existing `lib/services/analyzer/itglue-search.test.ts` failures
+  re-surfaced by `npm test` (full suite) while verifying Task 3. Neither
+  `itglue-search.ts` nor its test file were touched by this plan. Out of
+  scope per the scope boundary rule — not fixed.
diff --git a/app/api/route53/sync/route.ts b/app/api/route53/sync/route.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adb29e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/api/route53/sync/route.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/**
+ * POST /api/route53/sync — trigger a manual full or incremental Route 53 sync.
+ *   Body: { syncType?: 'full' | 'incremental' } (default 'full')
+ *   requireAdmin() gated. Fire-and-forget — returns immediately, sync runs in
+ *   the background.
+ *
+ * GET /api/route53/sync — sync status + recent history.
+ *   requireAuth() gated.
+ *
+ * D-10: Route 53 is NOT gated by the admin-integrations disable toggle —
+ * that disable-blocks-sync behavior is a PAX8-only exception. Every other
+ * integration's toggle (including this one) is display-only.
+ */
+
+import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server';
+import { requireAuth, requireAdmin } from '@/lib/auth-utils';
+import postgresClient from '@/lib/services/postgres-client';
+import { isRoute53Configured } from '@/lib/services/route53-factory';
+import { getRoute53SyncService } from '@/lib/services/route53-sync-service';
+import { sanitizeAwsError } from '@/lib/services/route53-record-validation';
+
+export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
+  const { session, error } = await requireAdmin();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  if (!isRoute53Configured()) {
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      {
+        error: 'Route 53 not configured',
+        message: 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY must be set to sync Route 53',
+      },
+      { status: 503 }
+    );
+  }
+
+  const body = await req.json().catch(() => ({}));
+  const syncType = body.syncType === 'incremental' ? 'incremental' : 'full';
+
+  const svc = getRoute53SyncService();
+  if (svc.isSyncInProgress()) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Sync already in progress' }, { status: 409 });
+  }
+
+  const triggeredBy = session!.user.email;
+  const runSync = syncType === 'incremental' ? svc.incrementalSync(triggeredBy) : svc.fullSync(triggeredBy);
+  runSync.catch((err) =>
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-SYNC] Background sync error:', sanitizeAwsError(err))
+  );
+
+  return NextResponse.json({ ok: true, message: 'Route 53 sync started' });
+}
+
+export async function GET() {
+  const { error } = await requireAuth();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  try {
+    const svc = getRoute53SyncService();
+    const inProgress = svc.isSyncInProgress();
+
+    const counts = await postgresClient.query(`
+      SELECT
+        (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM route53_zones          WHERE is_deleted = false) AS zones,
+        (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM route53_records         WHERE is_deleted = false) AS records,
+        (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM route53_record_history) AS "historyRows"
+    `);
+
+    const history = await postgresClient.query(
+      `SELECT id, sync_type, status, started_at, completed_at,
+              records_added, records_updated, records_deleted, error_message, triggered_by
+         FROM sync_history
+        WHERE entity_type = 'route53'
+        ORDER BY started_at DESC
+        LIMIT 10`
+    );
+
+    return NextResponse.json({
+      inProgress,
+      counts: counts.rows[0],
+      history: history.rows,
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-SYNC] Failed to get sync status:', err);
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to get Route 53 sync status' },
+      { status: 500 }
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/history/route.ts b/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/history/route.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eea9c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/history/route.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/**
+ * GET /api/route53/zones/:zoneId/records/:recordId/history
+ *   Returns the append-only change ledger for a single record (SC-4's
+ *   "history is queryable, not just current state" proof). `recordId` is the
+ *   URL-encoded `record_key` (`${zoneId}:${name}:${type}:${setIdentifier}`).
+ *   requireAuth() gated.
+ *
+ *   Query params: `?limit=` (default 50, clamped to 1..200).
+ */
+
+import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server';
+import { requireAuth } from '@/lib/auth-utils';
+import postgresClient from '@/lib/services/postgres-client';
+import type { Route53RecordHistory, Route53HistorySource } from '@/lib/types/route53';
+
+interface HistoryRow {
+  id: string;
+  zone_id: string;
+  record_key: string;
+  record_name: string;
+  record_type: string;
+  change_action: 'create' | 'update' | 'delete';
+  before_value: Record<string, unknown> | null;
+  after_value: Record<string, unknown> | null;
+  source: Route53HistorySource;
+  changed_by_user_id: string | null;
+  changed_by_email: string | null;
+  changed_at: string;
+}
+
+export async function GET(
+  request: NextRequest,
+  { params }: { params: Promise<{ zoneId: string; recordId: string }> }
+) {
+  const { error } = await requireAuth();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  try {
+    const { recordId } = await params;
+    const recordKey = decodeURIComponent(recordId);
+
+    const url = request.nextUrl;
+    const rawLimit = parseInt(url.searchParams.get('limit') ?? '50', 10);
+    const limit = Math.min(Math.max(Number.isFinite(rawLimit) ? rawLimit : 50, 1), 200);
+
+    const res = await postgresClient.query<HistoryRow>(
+      `SELECT id, zone_id, record_key, record_name, record_type, change_action,
+              before_value, after_value, source, changed_by_user_id, changed_by_email, changed_at
+         FROM route53_record_history
+        WHERE record_key = $1
+        ORDER BY changed_at DESC
+        LIMIT $2`,
+      [recordKey, limit]
+    );
+
+    const items: Route53RecordHistory[] = res.rows.map((row) => ({
+      id: row.id,
+      zoneId: row.zone_id,
+      recordKey: row.record_key,
+      recordName: row.record_name,
+      recordType: row.record_type,
+      changeAction: row.change_action,
+      beforeValue: row.before_value,
+      afterValue: row.after_value,
+      source: row.source,
+      changedByUserId: row.changed_by_user_id,
+      changedByEmail: row.changed_by_email,
+      changedAt: row.changed_at,
+    }));
+
+    return NextResponse.json({ items });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-HISTORY] Failed to fetch record history:', err);
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to fetch Route 53 record history' },
+      { status: 500 }
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/route.ts b/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/route.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6f7942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/[recordId]/route.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+/**
+ * PATCH  /api/route53/zones/:zoneId/records/:recordId — update a resource
+ *   record set (Route 53 UPSERT).
+ * DELETE /api/route53/zones/:zoneId/records/:recordId — delete a resource
+ *   record set.
+ *
+ * `recordId` is the URL-encoded `record_key`
+ * (`${zoneId}:${name}:${type}:${setIdentifier ?? ''}`).
+ *
+ * Both handlers follow the same eight-step sequence as POST in
+ * ../route.ts:
+ *  1. requireAdmin() (D-04) — never rely on the UI hiding a control (T-24-02)
+ *  2. isRoute53Configured() -> 503
+ *  3. parse params + body
+ *  4. validateRecordWrite() (D-01, before any AWS command is constructed)
+ *  5. loadMirrorRecord() for beforeValue; null -> 404. The loaded row's exact
+ *     name/type/ttl/resourceRecords are what get submitted to AWS — Route 53
+ *     rejects or mis-targets a DELETE whose recordset doesn't match exactly
+ *     (24-RESEARCH.md Pitfall 3). Never build a DELETE from client-supplied
+ *     { name, type } alone.
+ *  6. createPendingAuditLog before any AWS call (D-07/SC-3)
+ *  7. submitRecordChange + pollChangeStatus -> markAuditCommitted ->
+ *     insertPulseCrudHistory -> upsertMirrorRecord/softDeleteMirrorRecord -> 200
+ *  8. catch -> sanitizeAwsError -> markAuditFailed -> 502 (no history row —
+ *     nothing changed on AWS's side, 24-RESEARCH.md Pattern 3)
+ *
+ * D-03 compliance: both mutations execute on the first request. No `confirm`
+ * body flag, no two-phase endpoint, no staged-approval status column — the
+ * audit trail is the control, not a pre-write block.
+ */
+
+import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server';
+import { requireAdmin } from '@/lib/auth-utils';
+import { isRoute53Configured } from '@/lib/services/route53-factory';
+import { validateRecordWrite, sanitizeAwsError } from '@/lib/services/route53-record-validation';
+import {
+  createPendingAuditLog,
+  markAuditCommitted,
+  markAuditFailed,
+  insertPulseCrudHistory,
+  upsertMirrorRecord,
+  softDeleteMirrorRecord,
+  loadMirrorRecord,
+} from '@/lib/services/route53-write-persistence';
+import { submitRecordChange, pollChangeStatus } from '@/lib/services/route53-change-submit';
+
+/**
+ * Verify the decoded record key's zone prefix matches the `zoneId` path
+ * param — prevents a caller from mutating a record in a different zone
+ * through a mismatched path (T-24-17).
+ */
+function recordKeyMatchesZone(recordKey: string, zoneId: string): boolean {
+  return recordKey.startsWith(`${zoneId}:`);
+}
+
+export async function PATCH(
+  request: NextRequest,
+  { params }: { params: Promise<{ zoneId: string; recordId: string }> }
+) {
+  const { session, error } = await requireAdmin();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  if (!isRoute53Configured()) {
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      {
+        error: 'Route 53 not configured',
+        message: 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY must be set to write Route 53 records',
+      },
+      { status: 503 }
+    );
+  }
+
+  const { zoneId, recordId } = await params;
+  const recordKey = decodeURIComponent(recordId);
+  if (!recordKeyMatchesZone(recordKey, zoneId)) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Record does not belong to this zone' }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+
+  const body = await request.json().catch(() => ({}));
+  const validated = validateRecordWrite(body);
+  if (!validated.ok) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Invalid record', message: validated.reason }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+  const { name, type, ttl, resourceRecords } = validated.value;
+  const setIdentifier: string | null =
+    typeof body.setIdentifier === 'string' && body.setIdentifier.trim().length > 0
+      ? body.setIdentifier.trim()
+      : null;
+
+  const existing = await loadMirrorRecord(recordKey);
+  if (!existing) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Record not found' }, { status: 404 });
+  }
+  const beforeValue = {
+    name: existing.name,
+    type: existing.type,
+    ttl: existing.ttl,
+    setIdentifier: existing.setIdentifier,
+    resourceRecords: existing.resourceRecords,
+  };
+  const afterValue = { name, type, ttl, setIdentifier, resourceRecords };
+
+  const audit = await createPendingAuditLog({
+    operation: 'update',
+    zoneId,
+    recordKey,
+    recordName: name,
+    recordType: type,
+    beforeValue,
+    afterValue,
+    performedByUserId: session!.user.id,
+    performedByEmail: session!.user.email,
+  });
+
+  try {
+    const { changeId, awsResponse } = await submitRecordChange({
+      zoneId,
+      action: 'UPSERT',
+      recordSet: { name, type, ttl, resourceRecords, setIdentifier },
+    });
+    const propagationStatus = changeId ? await pollChangeStatus(changeId) : 'PENDING';
+
+    await markAuditCommitted(audit.id, changeId, propagationStatus, awsResponse);
+    await insertPulseCrudHistory({
+      zoneId,
+      recordKey,
+      recordName: name,
+      recordType: type,
+      changeAction: 'update',
+      beforeValue,
+      afterValue,
+      changedByUserId: session!.user.id,
+      changedByEmail: session!.user.email,
+      auditLogId: audit.id,
+    });
+    await upsertMirrorRecord({
+      recordKey,
+      zoneId,
+      name,
+      type,
+      setIdentifier,
+      ttl,
+      resourceRecords,
+      aliasTarget: null,
+      rawPayload: afterValue,
+    });
+
+    return NextResponse.json({
+      auditId: audit.id,
+      status: 'committed',
+      propagationStatus,
+      record: afterValue,
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    const message = sanitizeAwsError(err);
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-WRITE] update failed:', message);
+    await markAuditFailed(audit.id, err);
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { auditId: audit.id, status: 'failed', error: 'Route 53 write failed', message },
+      { status: 502 }
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export async function DELETE(
+  _request: NextRequest,
+  { params }: { params: Promise<{ zoneId: string; recordId: string }> }
+) {
+  const { session, error } = await requireAdmin();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  if (!isRoute53Configured()) {
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      {
+        error: 'Route 53 not configured',
+        message: 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY must be set to write Route 53 records',
+      },
+      { status: 503 }
+    );
+  }
+
+  const { zoneId, recordId } = await params;
+  const recordKey = decodeURIComponent(recordId);
+  if (!recordKeyMatchesZone(recordKey, zoneId)) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Record does not belong to this zone' }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+
+  const existing = await loadMirrorRecord(recordKey);
+  if (!existing) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Record not found' }, { status: 404 });
+  }
+
+  // D-01 defence in depth: validate the type of the record being deleted the
+  // same way a create/update is validated — an NS/SOA delete is as
+  // destructive as an NS/SOA write.
+  const validated = validateRecordWrite({
+    name: existing.name,
+    type: existing.type,
+    ttl: existing.ttl ?? undefined,
+    resourceRecords: existing.resourceRecords ?? [],
+  });
+  if (!validated.ok) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Invalid record', message: validated.reason }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+
+  // The exact current recordset read from the mirror — Route 53 rejects or
+  // mis-targets a DELETE that does not match exactly (24-RESEARCH.md
+  // Pitfall 3). Never build this from client-supplied values.
+  const { name, type, ttl, resourceRecords } = validated.value;
+  const setIdentifier = existing.setIdentifier;
+  const beforeValue = { name, type, ttl, setIdentifier, resourceRecords };
+
+  const audit = await createPendingAuditLog({
+    operation: 'delete',
+    zoneId,
+    recordKey,
+    recordName: name,
+    recordType: type,
+    beforeValue,
+    afterValue: null,
+    performedByUserId: session!.user.id,
+    performedByEmail: session!.user.email,
+  });
+
+  try {
+    const { changeId, awsResponse } = await submitRecordChange({
+      zoneId,
+      action: 'DELETE',
+      recordSet: { name, type, ttl, resourceRecords, setIdentifier: existing.setIdentifier },
+    });
+    const propagationStatus = changeId ? await pollChangeStatus(changeId) : 'PENDING';
+
+    await markAuditCommitted(audit.id, changeId, propagationStatus, awsResponse);
+    await insertPulseCrudHistory({
+      zoneId,
+      recordKey,
+      recordName: name,
+      recordType: type,
+      changeAction: 'delete',
+      beforeValue,
+      afterValue: null,
+      changedByUserId: session!.user.id,
+      changedByEmail: session!.user.email,
+      auditLogId: audit.id,
+    });
+    await softDeleteMirrorRecord(recordKey);
+
+    return NextResponse.json({
+      auditId: audit.id,
+      status: 'committed',
+      propagationStatus,
+      record: null,
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    const message = sanitizeAwsError(err);
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-WRITE] delete failed:', message);
+    await markAuditFailed(audit.id, err);
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { auditId: audit.id, status: 'failed', error: 'Route 53 write failed', message },
+      { status: 502 }
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/route.ts b/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/route.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59c3f42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/api/route53/zones/[zoneId]/records/route.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/**
+ * GET  /api/route53/zones/:zoneId/records — list mirrored resource record
+ *   sets in a hosted zone. Optional `?type=` and `?search=` filters.
+ *   requireAuth() gated.
+ *
+ * POST /api/route53/zones/:zoneId/records — create a resource record set.
+ *   requireAdmin() gated (D-04). Sequence identical to PATCH/DELETE in
+ *   ./[recordId]/route.ts:
+ *    1. requireAdmin() (D-04)
+ *    2. isRoute53Configured() -> 503
+ *    3. parse + validateRecordWrite() (D-01, before any AWS command)
+ *    4. beforeValue = null; loadMirrorRecord must be null or 409
+ *    5. createPendingAuditLog before any AWS call (D-07/SC-3)
+ *    6. submitRecordChange + pollChangeStatus -> markAuditCommitted ->
+ *       insertPulseCrudHistory -> upsertMirrorRecord -> 201
+ *    7. catch -> sanitizeAwsError -> markAuditFailed -> 502 (no history row)
+ */
+
+import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server';
+import { requireAuth, requireAdmin } from '@/lib/auth-utils';
+import postgresClient from '@/lib/services/postgres-client';
+import { isRoute53Configured } from '@/lib/services/route53-factory';
+import { validateRecordWrite, sanitizeAwsError } from '@/lib/services/route53-record-validation';
+import {
+  createPendingAuditLog,
+  markAuditCommitted,
+  markAuditFailed,
+  insertPulseCrudHistory,
+  upsertMirrorRecord,
+  loadMirrorRecord,
+} from '@/lib/services/route53-write-persistence';
+import { submitRecordChange, pollChangeStatus } from '@/lib/services/route53-change-submit';
+import { buildRecordKey } from '@/lib/services/route53-record-key';
+import type { Route53Record } from '@/lib/types/route53';
+
+interface RecordRow {
+  record_key: string;
+  zone_id: string;
+  name: string;
+  type: string;
+  set_identifier: string | null;
+  ttl: number | null;
+  resource_records: Array<{ value: string }> | null;
+  alias_target: Record<string, unknown> | null;
+  synced_at: string;
+}
+
+export async function GET(
+  request: NextRequest,
+  { params }: { params: Promise<{ zoneId: string }> }
+) {
+  const { error } = await requireAuth();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  try {
+    const { zoneId } = await params;
+    const url = request.nextUrl;
+    const type = url.searchParams.get('type');
+    const search = url.searchParams.get('search');
+
+    const conditions = ['zone_id = $1', 'is_deleted = false'];
+    const queryParams: unknown[] = [zoneId];
+
+    if (type) {
+      queryParams.push(type.toUpperCase());
+      conditions.push(`type = $${queryParams.length}`);
+    }
+    if (search) {
+      queryParams.push(`%${search}%`);
+      conditions.push(`name ILIKE $${queryParams.length}`);
+    }
+
+    const res = await postgresClient.query<RecordRow>(
+      `SELECT record_key, zone_id, name, type, set_identifier, ttl, resource_records, alias_target, synced_at
+         FROM route53_records
+        WHERE ${conditions.join(' AND ')}
+        ORDER BY name, type`,
+      queryParams
+    );
+
+    const records: Route53Record[] = res.rows.map((row) => ({
+      recordKey: row.record_key,
+      zoneId: row.zone_id,
+      name: row.name,
+      type: row.type,
+      setIdentifier: row.set_identifier,
+      ttl: row.ttl,
+      resourceRecords: row.resource_records,
+      aliasTarget: row.alias_target,
+      syncedAt: row.synced_at,
+      isDeleted: false,
+    }));
+
+    return NextResponse.json({ items: records });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-RECORDS] Failed to list records:', err);
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to fetch Route 53 records' },
+      { status: 500 }
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export async function POST(
+  request: NextRequest,
+  { params }: { params: Promise<{ zoneId: string }> }
+) {
+  const { session, error } = await requireAdmin();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  if (!isRoute53Configured()) {
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      {
+        error: 'Route 53 not configured',
+        message: 'AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY must be set to write Route 53 records',
+      },
+      { status: 503 }
+    );
+  }
+
+  const { zoneId } = await params;
+  const body = await request.json().catch(() => ({}));
+
+  const validated = validateRecordWrite(body);
+  if (!validated.ok) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Invalid record', message: validated.reason }, { status: 400 });
+  }
+  const { name, type, ttl, resourceRecords } = validated.value;
+  const setIdentifier: string | null =
+    typeof body.setIdentifier === 'string' && body.setIdentifier.trim().length > 0
+      ? body.setIdentifier.trim()
+      : null;
+
+  const recordKey = buildRecordKey({ zoneId, name, type, setIdentifier });
+
+  const existing = await loadMirrorRecord(recordKey);
+  if (existing) {
+    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Record already exists' }, { status: 409 });
+  }
+
+  const afterValue = { name, type, ttl, setIdentifier, resourceRecords };
+  const audit = await createPendingAuditLog({
+    operation: 'create',
+    zoneId,
+    recordKey,
+    recordName: name,
+    recordType: type,
+    beforeValue: null,
+    afterValue,
+    performedByUserId: session!.user.id,
+    performedByEmail: session!.user.email,
+  });
+
+  try {
+    const { changeId, awsResponse } = await submitRecordChange({
+      zoneId,
+      action: 'CREATE',
+      recordSet: { name, type, ttl, resourceRecords, setIdentifier },
+    });
+    const propagationStatus = changeId ? await pollChangeStatus(changeId) : 'PENDING';
+
+    await markAuditCommitted(audit.id, changeId, propagationStatus, awsResponse);
+    await insertPulseCrudHistory({
+      zoneId,
+      recordKey,
+      recordName: name,
+      recordType: type,
+      changeAction: 'create',
+      beforeValue: null,
+      afterValue,
+      changedByUserId: session!.user.id,
+      changedByEmail: session!.user.email,
+      auditLogId: audit.id,
+    });
+    await upsertMirrorRecord({
+      recordKey,
+      zoneId,
+      name,
+      type,
+      setIdentifier,
+      ttl,
+      resourceRecords,
+      aliasTarget: null,
+      rawPayload: afterValue,
+    });
+
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { auditId: audit.id, status: 'committed', propagationStatus, record: afterValue },
+      { status: 201 }
+    );
+  } catch (err) {
+    const message = sanitizeAwsError(err);
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-WRITE] create failed:', message);
+    await markAuditFailed(audit.id, err);
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { auditId: audit.id, status: 'failed', error: 'Route 53 write failed', message },
+      { status: 502 }
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/app/api/route53/zones/route.ts b/app/api/route53/zones/route.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1fa13c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/api/route53/zones/route.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * GET /api/route53/zones — list mirrored Route 53 hosted zones.
+ *   requireAuth() gated.
+ */
+
+import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
+import { requireAuth } from '@/lib/auth-utils';
+import postgresClient from '@/lib/services/postgres-client';
+import type { Route53Zone } from '@/lib/types/route53';
+
+interface ZoneRow {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  comment: string | null;
+  private_zone: boolean;
+  record_count: number;
+  authoritative_name_servers: string[] | null;
+  synced_at: string;
+}
+
+export async function GET() {
+  const { error } = await requireAuth();
+  if (error) return error;
+
+  try {
+    const res = await postgresClient.query<ZoneRow>(
+      `SELECT id, name, comment, private_zone, record_count, authoritative_name_servers, synced_at
+         FROM route53_zones
+        WHERE is_deleted = false
+        ORDER BY name`
+    );
+
+    const zones: Route53Zone[] = res.rows.map((row) => ({
+      id: row.id,
+      name: row.name,
+      comment: row.comment,
+      privateZone: row.private_zone,
+      recordCount: row.record_count,
+      authoritativeNameServers: row.authoritative_name_servers,
+      syncedAt: row.synced_at,
+      isDeleted: false,
+    }));
+
+    return NextResponse.json({ items: zones });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('[ROUTE53-ZONES] Failed to list zones:', err);
+    return NextResponse.json(
+      { error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Failed to fetch Route 53 zones' },
+      { status: 500 }
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/services/route53-change-submit.test.ts b/lib/services/route53-change-submit.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e911289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/services/route53-change-submit.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/**
+ * lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts unit tests — ChangeBatch construction,
+ * retryable-error classification, and bounded GetChange polling. No AWS SDK
+ * mocking library, no network — pollChangeStatus is exercised with a
+ * hand-rolled fake client exposing `send()`.
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  buildChangeBatch,
+  isRetryableAwsError,
+  submitRecordChange,
+  pollChangeStatus,
+} from './route53-change-submit';
+
+describe('buildChangeBatch', () => {
+  const baseRecordSet = {
+    name: 'www.example.com.',
+    type: 'A',
+    ttl: 300,
+    resourceRecords: [{ value: '1.2.3.4' }],
+  };
+
+  it('produces the expected ChangeBatch shape for UPSERT', () => {
+    const batch = buildChangeBatch('UPSERT', baseRecordSet);
+    expect(batch).toEqual({
+      Changes: [
+        {
+          Action: 'UPSERT',
+          ResourceRecordSet: {
+            Name: 'www.example.com.',
+            Type: 'A',
+            TTL: 300,
+            ResourceRecords: [{ Value: '1.2.3.4' }],
+          },
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('sets Action to CREATE for a CREATE action', () => {
+    const batch = buildChangeBatch('CREATE', baseRecordSet);
+    expect(batch.Changes?.[0].Action).toBe('CREATE');
+  });
+
+  it('sets Action to DELETE for a DELETE action', () => {
+    const batch = buildChangeBatch('DELETE', baseRecordSet);
+    expect(batch.Changes?.[0].Action).toBe('DELETE');
+  });
+
+  it('emits SetIdentifier when present on the input', () => {
+    const batch = buildChangeBatch('UPSERT', { ...baseRecordSet, setIdentifier: 'primary' });
+    expect(batch.Changes?.[0].ResourceRecordSet?.SetIdentifier).toBe('primary');
+  });
+
+  it('omits SetIdentifier entirely when null/undefined rather than emitting undefined', () => {
+    const batchNull = buildChangeBatch('UPSERT', { ...baseRecordSet, setIdentifier: null });
+    expect('SetIdentifier' in (batchNull.Changes?.[0].ResourceRecordSet ?? {})).toBe(false);
+
+    const batchUndefined = buildChangeBatch('UPSERT', baseRecordSet);
+    expect('SetIdentifier' in (batchUndefined.Changes?.[0].ResourceRecordSet ?? {})).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('emits the full TTL and complete ResourceRecords array for a DELETE from supplied current state', () => {
+    const batch = buildChangeBatch('DELETE', {
+      ...baseRecordSet,
+      ttl: 600,
+      resourceRecords: [{ value: '1.2.3.4' }, { value: '5.6.7.8' }],
+    });
+    const rrs = batch.Changes?.[0].ResourceRecordSet;
+    expect(rrs?.TTL).toBe(600);
+    expect(rrs?.ResourceRecords).toEqual([{ Value: '1.2.3.4' }, { Value: '5.6.7.8' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('throws when given record type NS', () => {
+    expect(() => buildChangeBatch('UPSERT', { ...baseRecordSet, type: 'NS' })).toThrow(/NS/);
+  });
+
+  it('throws when given record type SOA (case-insensitive)', () => {
+    expect(() => buildChangeBatch('UPSERT', { ...baseRecordSet, type: 'soa' })).toThrow(/SOA/i);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('isRetryableAwsError', () => {
+  it.each(['ThrottlingException', 'PriorRequestNotComplete', 'Throttling', 'ServiceUnavailable'])(
+    'returns true for %s',
+    (name) => {
+      const err = new Error('boom');
+      err.name = name;
+      expect(isRetryableAwsError(err)).toBe(true);
+    }
+  );
+
+  it('returns false for InvalidChangeBatch', () => {
+    const err = new Error('boom');
+    err.name = 'InvalidChangeBatch';
+    expect(isRetryableAwsError(err)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for a non-Error input', () => {
+    expect(isRetryableAwsError('not an error')).toBe(false);
+    expect(isRetryableAwsError(undefined)).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('submitRecordChange', () => {
+  const recordSet = {
+    name: 'www.example.com.',
+    type: 'A',
+    ttl: 300,
+    resourceRecords: [{ value: '1.2.3.4' }],
+  };
+
+  it('sends a ChangeResourceRecordSetsCommand and returns the change id', async () => {
+    const send = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+      ChangeInfo: { Id: '/change/C123', Status: 'PENDING' },
+    });
+    const fakeClient = { send } as unknown as Parameters<typeof submitRecordChange>[0]['client'];
+
+    const result = await submitRecordChange({
+      zoneId: 'Z123',
+      action: 'UPSERT',
+      recordSet,
+      client: fakeClient,
+    });
+
+    expect(result.changeId).toBe('/change/C123');
+    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('retries up to 2 additional times on a retryable error, then succeeds', async () => {
+    const throttling = new Error('throttled');
+    throttling.name = 'ThrottlingException';
+    const send = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(throttling)
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(throttling)
+      .mockResolvedValue({ ChangeInfo: { Id: '/change/C456', Status: 'PENDING' } });
+    const fakeClient = { send } as unknown as Parameters<typeof submitRecordChange>[0]['client'];
+
+    const result = await submitRecordChange({
+      zoneId: 'Z123',
+      action: 'UPSERT',
+      recordSet,
+      client: fakeClient,
+    });
+
+    expect(result.changeId).toBe('/change/C456');
+    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+  }, 10000);
+
+  it('rethrows immediately on a non-retryable error without retrying', async () => {
+    const invalid = new Error('invalid batch');
+    invalid.name = 'InvalidChangeBatch';
+    const send = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(invalid);
+    const fakeClient = { send } as unknown as Parameters<typeof submitRecordChange>[0]['client'];
+
+    await expect(
+      submitRecordChange({ zoneId: 'Z123', action: 'UPSERT', recordSet, client: fakeClient })
+    ).rejects.toThrow('invalid batch');
+    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('pollChangeStatus', () => {
+  it('returns INSYNC as soon as the client reports ChangeInfo.Status === INSYNC', async () => {
+    const send = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ChangeInfo: { Status: 'INSYNC' } });
+    const fakeClient = { send } as unknown as Parameters<typeof pollChangeStatus>[1] extends
+      | { client?: infer C }
+      | undefined
+      ? C
+      : never;
+
+    const status = await pollChangeStatus('/change/C1', { client: fakeClient, timeoutMs: 50, intervalMs: 10 });
+    expect(status).toBe('INSYNC');
+    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('returns PENDING once the timeout budget elapses without an INSYNC answer, and stops calling send() after returning', async () => {
+    const send = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ ChangeInfo: { Status: 'PENDING' } });
+    const fakeClient = { send } as unknown as Parameters<typeof pollChangeStatus>[1] extends
+      | { client?: infer C }
+      | undefined
+      ? C
+      : never;
+
+    const status = await pollChangeStatus('/change/C2', { client: fakeClient, timeoutMs: 50, intervalMs: 10 });
+    expect(status).toBe('PENDING');
+
+    const countAfterReturn = send.mock.calls.length;
+    // Wait longer than the timeout budget to confirm no further calls happen.
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 100));
+    expect(send.mock.calls.length).toBe(countAfterReturn);
+  });
+
+  it('swallows a per-attempt GetChange error and keeps polling until the budget elapses', async () => {
+    const send = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('transient network blip'));
+    const fakeClient = { send } as unknown as Parameters<typeof pollChangeStatus>[1] extends
+      | { client?: infer C }
+      | undefined
+      ? C
+      : never;
+
+    const status = await pollChangeStatus('/change/C3', { client: fakeClient, timeoutMs: 50, intervalMs: 10 });
+    expect(status).toBe('PENDING');
+    expect(send.mock.calls.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts b/lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..828166b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/services/route53-change-submit.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/**
+ * AWS Route 53 DNS sync — change-batch construction and bounded propagation
+ * poll.
+ *
+ * Lives under lib/** (not app/api/**) so vitest.config.ts's `include:
+ * ['lib/**\/*.test.ts']` glob can reach it — the AWS-command construction and
+ * polling loop are pure/testable, and route files are not.
+ *
+ * D-01 defence in depth: `buildChangeBatch` throws on NS/SOA independently of
+ * `validateRecordWrite` (lib/services/route53-record-validation.ts), which is
+ * the primary, earlier-running gate. This is a second backstop so no future
+ * caller can bypass it by calling this module directly.
+ *
+ * 24-RESEARCH.md Anti-Patterns: never use the SDK's built-in
+ * resource-record-sets-changed waiter inside a request handler — its default
+ * config is a 30-second interval with 60 attempts (up to 30 minutes).
+ * `pollChangeStatus` is a short, bounded, hand-rolled poll instead.
+ */
+
+import {
+  Route53Client,
+  ChangeResourceRecordSetsCommand,
+  GetChangeCommand,
+  type ChangeBatch,
+  type ChangeAction,
+  type ResourceRecordSet,
+} from '@aws-sdk/client-route-53';
+import { getRoute53Client } from './route53-factory';
+
+const ZONE_DELEGATION_TYPES = new Set(['NS', 'SOA']);
+const RETRYABLE_ERROR_NAMES = new Set([
+  'ThrottlingException',
+  'Throttling',
+  'PriorRequestNotComplete',
+  'ServiceUnavailable',
+]);
+
+export interface ChangeSubmitRecordSet {
+  name: string;
+  type: string;
+  ttl: number;
+  resourceRecords: Array<{ value: string }>;
+  setIdentifier?: string | null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a `@aws-sdk/client-route-53` ChangeBatch for a single recordset
+ * change. Omits `SetIdentifier` from the emitted object when null/undefined
+ * rather than setting it to `undefined` — AWS's SDK serializer treats an
+ * explicit `undefined` property differently from an absent one in some
+ * marshalling paths, so we simply never set the key.
+ *
+ * Throws when `type.toUpperCase()` is `NS` or `SOA` — a second, independent
+ * D-01 enforcement point (T-24-01, defence in depth) so a caller cannot
+ * bypass `validateRecordWrite` by calling this module directly.
+ */
+export function buildChangeBatch(
+  action: 'CREATE' | 'UPSERT' | 'DELETE',
+  recordSet: ChangeSubmitRecordSet
+): ChangeBatch {
+  const type = recordSet.type.toUpperCase();
+  if (ZONE_DELEGATION_TYPES.has(type)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Refusing to build a change batch for record type ${type} — NS and SOA are zone-delegation records (D-01)`
+    );
+  }
+
+  const resourceRecordSet: ResourceRecordSet = {
+    Name: recordSet.name,
+    Type: type as ResourceRecordSet['Type'],
+    TTL: recordSet.ttl,
+    ResourceRecords: recordSet.resourceRecords.map((r) => ({ Value: r.value })),
+  };
+
+  if (recordSet.setIdentifier !== null && recordSet.setIdentifier !== undefined) {
+    resourceRecordSet.SetIdentifier = recordSet.setIdentifier;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    Changes: [
+      {
+        Action: action as ChangeAction,
+        ResourceRecordSet: resourceRecordSet,
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Classify an AWS SDK error as retryable. `PriorRequestNotComplete` is a
+ * per-zone serialization constraint (two writes to the same hosted zone in
+ * quick succession), not a hard failure — per 24-RESEARCH.md Pitfall 4.
+ */
+export function isRetryableAwsError(err: unknown): boolean {
+  if (!(err instanceof Error)) return false;
+  return RETRYABLE_ERROR_NAMES.has(err.name);
+}
+
+function sleep(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+}
+
+export interface SubmitRecordChangeInput {
+  zoneId: string;
+  action: 'CREATE' | 'UPSERT' | 'DELETE';
+  recordSet: ChangeSubmitRecordSet;
+  client?: Route53Client;
+}
+
+export interface SubmitRecordChangeResult {
+  changeId: string | null;
+  awsResponse: unknown;
+}
+
+const RETRY_BACKOFFS_MS = [750, 1500];
+
+/**
+ * Construct a ChangeResourceRecordSetsCommand and send it. On a retryable
+ * error (per `isRetryableAwsError`), retry up to 2 additional times with
+ * 750ms then 1500ms backoff; any other error rethrows immediately.
+ *
+ * Does not add a general backoff wrapper around every AWS call — the SDK's
+ * built-in retry strategy already handles transport-level retries
+ * (24-RESEARCH.md "Don't Hand-Roll"). This retry is specifically for the
+ * application-level PriorRequestNotComplete / throttling cases.
+ */
+export async function submitRecordChange(
+  input: SubmitRecordChangeInput
+): Promise<SubmitRecordChangeResult> {
+  const client = input.client ?? getRoute53Client();
+  const command = new ChangeResourceRecordSetsCommand({
+    HostedZoneId: input.zoneId,
+    ChangeBatch: buildChangeBatch(input.action, input.recordSet),
+  });
+
+  let lastError: unknown;
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= RETRY_BACKOFFS_MS.length; attempt++) {
+    try {
+      const response = await client.send(command);
+      return {
+        changeId: response.ChangeInfo?.Id ?? null,
+        awsResponse: response,
+      };
+    } catch (err) {
+      lastError = err;
+      if (!isRetryableAwsError(err) || attempt === RETRY_BACKOFFS_MS.length) {
+        throw err;
+      }
+      await sleep(RETRY_BACKOFFS_MS[attempt]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Unreachable — the loop above always returns or throws — but keeps
+  // TypeScript's control-flow analysis satisfied.
+  throw lastError;
+}
+
+export interface PollChangeStatusOptions {
+  client?: Route53Client;
+  timeoutMs?: number;
+  intervalMs?: number;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_POLL_TIMEOUT_MS = 15000;
+const DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 2000;
+
+/**
+ * Bounded poll of GetChangeCommand until ChangeInfo.Status === 'INSYNC' or
+ * the timeout budget elapses, in which case 'PENDING' is returned and no
+ * further calls are made. Per-attempt errors are swallowed and polling
+ * continues until the budget elapses — a transient GetChange failure is not
+ * a write failure; the write was already accepted by AWS.
+ *
+ * CRITICAL: do NOT use the SDK's built-in resource-record-sets-changed
+ * waiter here — its default config (30s interval, 60 attempts) can block an
+ * HTTP request handler for up to 30 minutes.
+ */
+export async function pollChangeStatus(
+  changeId: string,
+  opts?: PollChangeStatusOptions
+): Promise<'INSYNC' | 'PENDING'> {
+  const client = opts?.client ?? getRoute53Client();
+  const timeoutMs = opts?.timeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_POLL_TIMEOUT_MS;
+  const intervalMs = opts?.intervalMs ?? DEFAULT_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs;
+
+  while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+    try {
+      const response = await client.send(new GetChangeCommand({ Id: changeId }));
+      if (response.ChangeInfo?.Status === 'INSYNC') {
+        return 'INSYNC';
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Swallow — the write already succeeded; GetChange transiently
+      // failing is not a write failure. Keep polling until the budget
+      // elapses.
+    }
+
+    if (Date.now() >= deadline) break;
+    await sleep(intervalMs);
+  }
+
+  return 'PENDING';
+}